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Getting started with Bolt for Python

This guide is meant to walk you through getting up and running with a Slack app using Bolt for Python. Along the way, we’ll create a new Slack app, set up your local environment, and develop an app that listens and responds to messages from a Slack workspace.

When you're finished, you'll have this ⚡️Getting Started with Slack app to run, modify, and make your own.

Create an app​

First thing's first: before you start developing with Bolt, you'll want to create a Slack app.

tip

We recommend using a workspace where you won't disrupt real work getting done — you can create a new one for free.

After you fill out an app name (you can change it later) and pick a workspace to install it to, hit the Create App button and you'll land on your app's Basic Information page.

This page contains an overview of your app in addition to important credentials you'll need later.

Basic Information page

Look around, add an app icon and description, and then let's start configuring your app 🔩

Tokens and installing apps​

Slack apps use OAuth to manage access to Slack's APIs. When an app is installed, you'll receive a token that the app can use to call API methods.

There are three main token types available to a Slack app: user (xoxp), bot (xoxb), and app-level (xapp) tokens.

  • User tokens allow you to call API methods on behalf of users after they install or authenticate the app. There may be several user tokens for a single workspace.
  • Bot tokens are associated with bot users, and are only granted once in a workspace where someone installs the app. The bot token your app uses will be the same no matter which user performed the installation. Bot tokens are the token type that most apps use.
  • App-level tokens represent your app across organizations, including installations by all individual users on all workspaces in a given organization and are commonly used for creating WebSocket connections to your app.

We're going to use bot and app-level tokens for this guide.

  1. Navigate to the OAuth & Permissions on the left sidebar and scroll down to the Bot Token Scopes section. Click Add an OAuth Scope.

  2. For now, we'll just add one scope: chat:write. This grants your app the permission to post messages in channels it's a member of.

  3. Scroll up to the top of the OAuth & Permissions page and click Install App to Workspace. You'll be led through Slack's OAuth UI, where you should allow your app to be installed to your development workspace.

  4. Once you authorize the installation, you'll land on the OAuth & Permissions page and see a Bot User OAuth Access Token.

OAuth Tokens

  1. Then head over to Basic Information and scroll down under the App Token section and click Generate Token and Scopes to generate an app-level token. Add the connections:write scope to this token and save the generated xapp token, we'll use both these tokens in just a moment.

  2. Navigate to Socket Mode on the left side menu and toggle to enable.

tip

Treat your tokens like passwords and keep them safe. Your app uses tokens to post and retrieve information from Slack workspaces.

Setting up your project​

With the initial configuration handled, it's time to set up a new Bolt project. This is where you'll write the code that handles the logic for your app.

If you don’t already have a project, let’s create a new one. Create an empty directory:

mkdir first-bolt-app
cd first-bolt-app

Next, we recommend using a Python virtual environment to manage your project's dependencies. This is a great way to prevent conflicts with your system's Python packages. Let's create and activate a new virtual environment with Python 3.6 or later:

python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate

We can confirm that the virtual environment is active by checking that the path to python3 is inside your project (a similar command is available on Windows):

which python3
# Output: /path/to/first-bolt-app/.venv/bin/python3

Before we install the Bolt for Python package to your new project, let's save the bot token and app-level token that were generated when you configured your app.

  1. Copy your bot (xoxb) token from the OAuth & Permissions page and store it in a new environment variable. The following example works on Linux and macOS; but similar commands are available on Windows.
export SLACK_BOT_TOKEN=xoxb-<your-bot-token>
  1. Copy your app-level (xapp) token from the Basic Information page and then store it in a new environment variable.
export SLACK_APP_TOKEN=<your-app-level-token>
warning

Remember to keep your tokens secure. At a minimum, you should avoid checking them into public version control, and access them via environment variables as we've done above. Check out the API documentation for more on best practices for app security.

Now, let's create your app. Install the slack_bolt Python package to your virtual environment using the following command:

pip install slack_bolt

Create a new file called app.py in this directory and add the following code:

import os
from slack_bolt import App
from slack_bolt.adapter.socket_mode import SocketModeHandler

# Initializes your app with your bot token and socket mode handler
app = App(token=os.environ.get("SLACK_BOT_TOKEN"))

# Start your app
if __name__ == "__main__":
    SocketModeHandler(app, os.environ["SLACK_APP_TOKEN"]).start()

Your tokens are enough to create your first Bolt app. Save your app.py file then on the command line run the following:

python3 app.py

Your app should let you know that it's up and running. 🎉

Setting up events​

Your app behaves similarly to people on your team — it can post messages, add emoji reactions, and listen and respond to events.

To listen for events happening in a Slack workspace (like when a message is posted or when a reaction is posted to a message) you'll use the Events API to subscribe to event types.

For those just starting, we recommend using Socket Mode. Socket Mode allows your app to use the Events API and interactive features without exposing a public HTTP Request URL. This can be helpful during development, or if you're receiving requests from behind a firewall.

That being said, you're welcome to set up an app with a public HTTP Request URL. HTTP is more useful for apps being deployed to hosting environments to respond within a large corporate Slack workspaces/organization, or apps intended for distribution via the Slack Marketplace.

We've provided instructions for both ways in this guide.

  1. Head to your app's configuration page (click on the app from your app settings page). Navigate to Socket Mode on the left side menu and toggle to enable.

  2. Go to Basic Information and scroll down under the App-Level Tokens section and click Generate Token and Scopes to generate an app token. Add the connections:write scope to this token and save the generated xapp token, we'll use that in just a moment.

  3. Finally, it's time to tell Slack what events we'd like to listen for. Under Event Subscriptions, toggle the switch labeled Enable Events.

When an event occurs, Slack will send your app some information about the event, like the user that triggered it and the channel it occurred in. Your app will process the details and can respond accordingly.

Navigate to Event Subscriptions on the left sidebar and toggle to enable. Under Subscribe to Bot Events, you can add events for your bot to respond to. There are four events related to messages:

  • message.channels listens for messages in public channels that your app is added to
  • message.groups listens for messages in 🔒 private channels that your app is added to
  • message.im listens for messages in your app's DMs with users
  • message.mpim listens for messages in multi-person DMs that your app is added to

If you want your bot to listen to messages from everywhere it is added to, choose all four message events. After you’ve selected the events you want your bot to listen to, click the green Save Changes button.

Listening and responding to a message​

Your app is now ready for some logic. Let's start by using the message() method to attach a listener for messages.

The following example listens and responds to all messages in channels/DMs where your app has been added that contain the word "hello":

import os
from slack_bolt import App
from slack_bolt.adapter.socket_mode import SocketModeHandler

# Initializes your app with your bot token and socket mode handler
app = App(token=os.environ.get("SLACK_BOT_TOKEN"))

# Listens to incoming messages that contain "hello"
# To learn available listener arguments,
# visit https://tools.slack.dev/bolt-python/api-docs/slack_bolt/kwargs_injection/args.html
@app.message("hello")
def message_hello(message, say):
    # say() sends a message to the channel where the event was triggered
    say(f"Hey there <@{message['user']}>!")

# Start your app
if __name__ == "__main__":
    SocketModeHandler(app, os.environ["SLACK_APP_TOKEN"]).start()

If you restart your app, so long as your bot user has been added to the channel/DM, when you send any message that contains "hello", it will respond.

This is a basic example, but it gives you a place to start customizing your app based on your own goals. Let's try something a little more interactive by sending a button rather than plain text.

Sending and responding to actions​

To use features like buttons, select menus, datepickers, modals, and shortcuts, you’ll need to enable interactivity. Head over to Interactivity & Shortcuts in your app configuration.

With Socket Mode on, basic interactivity is enabled by default, so no further action is needed.

When interactivity is enabled, interactions with shortcuts, modals, or interactive components (such as buttons, select menus, and datepickers) will be sent to your app as events.

Now, let's go back to your app's code and add logic to handle those events:

  • First, we'll send a message that contains an interactive component (in this case a button)
  • Next, we'll listen for the action of a user clicking the button before responding

Below, the code from the last section is modified to send a message containing a button rather than just a string:

import os
from slack_bolt import App
from slack_bolt.adapter.socket_mode import SocketModeHandler

# Initializes your app with your bot token and socket mode handler
app = App(
    token=os.environ.get("SLACK_BOT_TOKEN"),
    # signing_secret=os.environ.get("SLACK_SIGNING_SECRET") # not required for socket mode
)

# Listens to incoming messages that contain "hello"
@app.message("hello")
def message_hello(message, say):
    # say() sends a message to the channel where the event was triggered
    say(
        blocks=[
            {
                "type": "section",
                "text": {"type": "mrkdwn", "text": f"Hey there <@{message['user']}>!"},
                "accessory": {
                    "type": "button",
                    "text": {"type": "plain_text", "text": "Click Me"},
                    "action_id": "button_click"
                }
            }
        ],
        text=f"Hey there <@{message['user']}>!"
    )

# Start your app
if __name__ == "__main__":
    SocketModeHandler(app, os.environ["SLACK_APP_TOKEN"]).start()

The value inside of say() is now an object that contains an array of blocks. Blocks are the building components of a Slack message and can range from text to images to datepickers. In this case, your app will respond with a section block that includes a button as an accessory. Since we're using blocks, the text is a fallback for notifications and accessibility.

You'll notice in the button accessory object, there is an action_id. This will act as a unique identifier for the button so your app can specify what action it wants to respond to.

tip

The Block Kit Builder is an simple way to prototype your interactive messages. The builder lets you (or anyone on your team) mockup messages and generates the corresponding JSON that you can paste directly in your app.

Now, if you restart your app and say "hello" in a channel your app is in, you'll see a message with a button. But if you click the button, nothing happens (yet!).

Let's add a handler to send a followup message when someone clicks the button:

import os
from slack_bolt import App
from slack_bolt.adapter.socket_mode import SocketModeHandler

# Initializes your app with your bot token and socket mode handler
app = App(token=os.environ.get("SLACK_BOT_TOKEN"))

# Listens to incoming messages that contain "hello"
@app.message("hello")
def message_hello(message, say):
    # say() sends a message to the channel where the event was triggered
    say(
        blocks=[
            {
                "type": "section",
                "text": {"type": "mrkdwn", "text": f"Hey there <@{message['user']}>!"},
                "accessory": {
                    "type": "button",
                    "text": {"type": "plain_text", "text": "Click Me"},
                    "action_id": "button_click"
                }
            }
        ],
        text=f"Hey there <@{message['user']}>!"
    )

@app.action("button_click")
def action_button_click(body, ack, say):
    # Acknowledge the action
    ack()
    say(f"<@{body['user']['id']}> clicked the button")

# Start your app
if __name__ == "__main__":
    SocketModeHandler(app, os.environ["SLACK_APP_TOKEN"]).start()

You can see that we used app.action() to listen for the action_id that we named button_click. If you restart your app and click the button, you'll see a new message from your app that says you clicked the button.

Next steps​

You just built your first Bolt for Python app! 🎉

Now that you have a basic app up and running, you can start exploring how to make your Bolt app stand out. Here are some ideas about what to explore next:

  • Read through the Basic concepts to learn about the different methods and features your Bolt app has access to.

  • Explore the different events your bot can listen to with the app.event() method. All of the events are listed on the API site.

  • Bolt allows you to call Web API methods with the client attached to your app. There are over 220 methods on our API site.

  • Learn more about the different token types on our API site. Your app may need different tokens depending on the actions you want it to perform.